Python __setattr__, __getattr__, __delattr__, __call__

介绍Python的几个内建函数。

getattr

getattr函数属于内建函数,可以通过函数名称获取

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value = obj.attribute
value = getattr(obj, "attribute")

使用getattr来实现工厂模式

一个模块支持html、text、xml等格式的打印,根据传入的formate参数的不同,调用不同的函数实现几种格式的输出

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import statsout 

def output(data, format="text"):
output_function = getattr(statsout, "output_%s" %format)
return output_function(data)

call

__call__方法用于实例自身的调用:

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class storage(dict):
# __call__方法用于实例自身的调用
#达到()调用的效果
def __call__ (self, key):
try:
return self[key]
except KeyError, k:
return None

s = storage()
s['key'] = 'value'
print s(key) #调用__call__

getattr

从对象中读取某个属性时,首先需要从self.dicts中搜索该属性,再从getattr中查找。

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class A(object):  
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'from __dicts__: zdy'

def __getattr__(self, item):
if item == 'name':
return 'from __getattr__: zdy'
elif item == 'age':
return 26

a = A()
print a.name # 从__dict__里获得的
print a.age # 从__getattr__获得的

setattr

__setattr__函数是用来设置对象的属性,通过object中的setattr函数来设置属性:

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class A(object):
def __setattr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print 'call func set attr'
return object.__setattr__(self, *args, **kwargs)
__delattr__

__delattr__函数式用来删除对象的属性:

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class A(object):
def __delattr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print 'call func del attr'
return object.__delattr__(self, *args, **kwargs)

例子

完整例子可以参考微博API:http://github.liaoxuefeng.com/sinaweibopy/

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class _Executable(object):

def __init__(self, client, method, path):
self._client = client
self._method = method
self._path = path
#__call__函数实现_Executable函数对象为可调用的
def __call__(self, **kw):
method = _METHOD_MAP[self._method]
if method==_HTTP_POST and 'pic' in kw:
method = _HTTP_UPLOAD
return _http_call('%s%s.json' % (self._client.api_url, self._path), method, self._client.access_token, **kw)

def __str__(self):
return '_Executable (%s %s)' % (self._method, self._path)

__repr__ = __str__

class _Callable(object):

def __init__(self, client, name):
self._client = client
self._name = name

def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr=='get':
       #初始化_Executable对象,调用__init__函数
return _Executable(self._client, 'GET', self._name)
if attr=='post':
return _Executable(self._client, 'POST', self._name)
name = '%s/%s' % (self._name, attr)
return _Callable(self._client, name)

def __str__(self):
return '_Callable (%s)' % self._name

__repr__ = __str__

而在源码中,存在下面代码片段:

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class APIClient(object):
'''
API client using synchronized invocation.
'''
...

def __getattr__(self, attr):
if '__' in attr:
return getattr(self.get, attr)
return _Callable(self, attr)

因此,加入我们初始化对象,并调用某函数如下:

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client = APIClient(...)
#会调用__getattr__函数,从而调用__call__函数
client.something.get()